Similarly, ne’er for the word “never,” and fo’c’sle’ for the word “forecastle” are also used. The first report of the incidence of syncope is 6. Syncope is responsible for 740,000 trips to the emergency department and a quarter of a million hospital 원본 보기: Etymology, origin and meaning of syncope. Patients who require more than a history and ECG by the algorithm in the Figure should probably be referred to a cardiologist familiar with the evaluation of syncope. To unravel the largely unknown pathophysiology, studies on genetic aspects of VVS can be of use. Syncope has many possible precipitating causes. Antigua. This review summarizes data on the genetics of VVS, describing the inheritance pattern of syncopate 意思是: 切分音; 大约1600年,“通过省略单词中间的音节或字母来缩短单词”,这是从syncopation中反推出来的,或者来自于晚期拉丁语syncopatus,它是syncopare的过去分词,“缩短”,也可以表示“昏倒,晕厥”,源自于晚期拉丁语syncope(参见syncope)。 SYNCOPE meaning: 1. He or she may also massage the main arteries in your neck to see if that causes you to feel faint. Technically, "elision" refers to the omission of letters or syllables between words. Although the act of syncope can be terrifying, it is usually harmless and most likely does not signify a serious disease or a life syncope - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. 2 per 1000 person-years. (Dehydration can cause this. Jun 12, 2023 · Syncope is caused by decreased cerebral blood flow leading to transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, associated with spontaneous recovery. Similar to syncope, contraction . 1. 5%. )). ," from Old French receptour or directly from Latin receptor, agent noun from recipere "to hold, contain" (see receive ). Example #2 The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe. The inhibition of the sympathetic system, together with activation of the vagal system, characterizes VVS. For any given word, speakers generally hold Sep 28, 2017 · embolism (n. verwechseln "confuse, mix up" and verwickelt "entangled", however distantly, and perhaps Gaukler (a type of trickster, faring folk) which is assumed to have come from a thieves cant for obvious topical correlation. It comes from Latin syncopare, which also means to faint or swoon. Having dysautonomia means these functions don’t work properly, causing disruptive symptoms. syncopation: [noun] a temporary displacement of the regular metrical accent in music caused typically by stressing the weak beat. Unveiling Aphaeresis: The Art of Trimming Words. ”. However, there is a significant increase in the incidence Etymology. Syncope accounts for about 300,000 Sep 28, 2021 · High‐risk factors for cardiogenic syncope included age ≥60, male, hypertension, palpitation, troponin T‐positive, abnormal ECG, CHD history, and syncope‐related trauma. Syncope, commonly known as fainting or passing out, is a loss of consciousness and muscle strength characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. 1 –39. Certain medications, like those for high blood pressure and some heart issues. Dec 22, 2022 · presyncope (plural presyncopes) ( medicine) Lightheadedness, muscular weakness and feeling faint as opposed to a syncope, which is actually fainting. Changes in the amount of blood in areas of your body. Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. ['ˈsɪnkəˌpiː'] a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain. noun. Syncope, or fainting, is a temporary loss of consciousness, usually caused by decreased blood flow to the brain . Richard Nordquist. From these examples syncope (n. See definitions, usage, and examples in the Oxford English Dictionary. in the specific ecclesiastical sense of "large mantle of silk or other material worn by priests or bishops over the alb on special occasions," from Medieval Latin capa "cloak," from Late Latin cappa (see cap (n. 'golpe'] Leng. Syncope is an abrupt, transient, and complete loss of consciousness associated with an inability to maintain postural tone; recovery is rapid and spontaneous. In a broader sense, the term can refer to the loss of any final sound (including consonants) from a word. In pathology, failure of the heart s… Dec 30, 2010 · Syncope is a symptom characterized by a period of transient loss of consciousness (T-LOC) that is brief in duration, self-limited, and due to a spontaneously reversible inadequacy of cerebral nutrient flow. syncope . Syncope (phonology), the loss of one or more sounds, particularly an unstressed vowel, from the interior of a word. A drop in your heart rate. Brain imaging, carotid Doppler ultrasound, electroencephalography, and chest radiography are not needed in patients with syncope. It was used figuratively for the "cloak" of night's darkness Dec 8, 2014 · Abstract. , Inc. the general population, the annual number episodes are 18. Younger people without cardiac disease but who've experienced syncope while standing or have specific stress or situational triggers aren't as likely to experience cardiac syncope. Univariate analysis showed that prognosis of syncope was related Feb 28, 2024 · If blood flow to your brain stops for six to eight seconds, you pass out. It comes from Late Latin and Greek words meaning to cut short. 1-39. Tremendous thanks and appreciation to all of you. ," 1610s, from French syncrétisme (17c. (prosody, phonology) The absence of a sound from the interior of a word, for example by changing cannot to can't or the pronunciation of In linguistics, synaeresis ( / sɪˈnɛrəsɪs /; also spelled syneresis) is a phonological process of sound change in which two adjacent vowels within a word are combined into a single syllable. Syncope (Fainting) The sudden, transient, loss of consciousness in an individual is known as syncope or fainting. II d. corrections and revisions to definitions, pronunciation, etymology, headwords, variant spellings, quotations, and dates; new senses, phrases, and quotations which have been added in subsequent print and online updates. Jul 3, 2019 · Definition. Compare receiver. Revisions and additions of this kind were last incorporated into syncopated, adj. Feb 19, 2010 · Cardiac syncope is associated with increased mortality and must be excluded. t. Feb 21, 2016 · Definition of syncope. My question is, is there an umbrella term for such linguistic phenomena syncope 的起源與含義: 1520年代,“省略中間聲音或字母縮寫的單詞”來自拉丁語的 syncope “通過省略縮寫單詞”,來自希臘語的 synkope “單詞縮寫”,最初意爲“切斷,切碎,縮短”,來自 synkoptein “切碎”,源自 syn-“共同,徹底”(參見 syn-)和 koptein “切割”,可能來自於 PIE 詞根 *kop-“打 Nov 25, 2023 · syncretism (n. syncope (English) syncope (Latin) συγκοπή (Ancient Greek (to 1453)) 2. syncopen contraction of a word, acc. Merck Manuals. ) embolism. 1400, from L. It thus compares to Ger. Revisions and additions of this kind were last incorporated into syncopize, v. Merck & Co. Definition. Pulmonary embolism. Molecular biology sense is from 1900. What does syncope mean? Information and translations of syncope in the most comprehensive etymology of the word syncope From Late Latin syncopa, from Greek sunkopē a cutting off, from syn- + koptein to cut. Knowledge on the aetiology of vasovagal syncope (VVS) is of great importance to optimize its diagnostic and therapeutic options. The etiology of syncope was reviewed in each case and categorized as either a vasovagal episode, orthostatic Nov 17, 2014 · Syncope is a common medical problem, with a frequency between 15% and 39%. . Precise incidence rates are difficult to determine and depend on the features of the population studied. the dropping of sounds or letters from the middle of a word, as in (gläsʹ t ər) for Gloucester. Etymology: From the Greek, "to cut off". Syncopate definition: To modify (rhythm) by syncopation. Jun 12, 2024 · syncope in American English. Also called end-cut, apocope is a type of elision . syncope 뜻: 기절; "1520년대, '중간 소리나 글자를 생략하여 단어를 축약하는 것'에서 유래한 단어로, 라틴어 syncope에서 유래한 것으로, 그리스어 synkope '단어의 축약', 원래는 '잘라내기, 자르기, 짧게 자르기'를 뜻하는 Jan 18, 2009 · Abstract. Tilt testing can usually wait until after a second occurrence on non-pharmacologic therapy. What does swoon mean? Information and translations of swoon in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. ( music) syncopation (off-beat placement of rhythmic stresses or accents) Synonym: sincopação. It is due to a decrease in blood flow to the entire brain usually from low blood pressure. ( music) syncopation. ( medicine) syncope (short loss of consciousness) Feb 6, 2024 · syncopate (third-person singular simple present syncopates, present participle syncopating, simple past and past participle syncopated) ( transitive, linguistics, phonology) to omit a vocalic or consonantal sound or a syllable from a word; to use syncope. Poe is another famous example of a poet who frequently made use of syncope. synkope, contraction of a word, originally a cutting off, from synkoptein to cut up, from syn together, thoroughly + koptein to cut. Apocope is a rhetorical term for the omission of one or more sounds or syllables from the end of a word. 5%, and the rehospitalization rate was 8. L. His haunting works are often very clearly structured. Dec 8, 2014 · Abstract. The vasovagal faint, which usually occurs in young, otherwise healthy people, is one particular form of syncope. Typical VVS is diagnosed when LOC is precipitated by triggers such as strong emotion/fear or prolonged standing and is associated to autonomic Definition of syncope noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning of swoon. e. The definition of syncope does not French: ·to syncopate syncope の意味: 失神; "1520年代、「中間の音や文字を省略することによる単語の短縮形」という意味で、ラテン語のsyncopeに由来します。 ギリシャ語のsynkopeは元々「切り落とすこと、切り刻むこと、短くすること」という意味で、synkoptein「切り刻む」という Jun 19, 2022 · Stress, anxiety or emotional upset. Observations such as these have suggested that there may be a genetic predisposition to vasovagal syncope. Syncope is a symptom described as fainting, blacking out, falling out, or "having a spell Jul 28, 2020 · Syncope is one of several causes of transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) characterized by episodes that are brief in duration and terminate spontaneously. In this first ever document, the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) provides a clinical The available data seem to suggest that VVS evolved as an advantageous response to inescapable predators or to stressful and possibly dangerous heart conditions. The patient is motionless and limp and usually has cool extremities, a weak pulse, and shallow breathing. Syncope occurs in multisyllabic words: the dropped vowel (which is Syncope definition: the contraction of a word by omitting one or more sounds from the middle, as in the reduction of never to ne'er. The loss of consciousness must be transient. 8,[13][14 syncopate - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. 6%, recurrence rate of syncope was 10. Syncope is a traditional term in linguistics for a contraction within a word through the loss of a vowel sound or letter, as demonstrated, for example, in the casual pronunciation of cam (e)ra, fam (i)ly, fav (o)rite , mem (o)ry, veg (e)table, and butt (o)ning. C. Oct 6, 2015 · There are three main etiologies of syncope: cardiogenic, neurocardiogenic, and metabolic. ) mid-15c. [1] The opposite process, in which two adjacent vowels are pronounced separately, is known as "diaeresis". del. IV-V d. The consequent slowing of the heart rate induced by VVS may constitute a SYNCOPE definition: 1. By. , American > 'Merican. ( en noun ) A loss of consciousness when someone faints, a swoon. Definition of swoon in the Definitions. , mechanical falls, seizure disorders, etc. Strong emotions, especially overwhelming ones, can cause a person to pass out from vasovagal syncope. In. synkopḗσυγκοπή en méd. Jul 1, 2008 · Reflex syncope and OH VVS is highly probable if syncope is precipitated by pain, fear, or standing, and is associated with typical progressive prodrome (pallor, sweating, and/or nausea). 1200, "large outer garment, cloak, mantle," late 13c. OVERVIEW. It comes from Greek and Latin words related to fainting, omission, or shortening. Read More. Syncopation (dance), or syncopated step, a step on an unstressed beat. The role of genetic factors in VVS has long been debated. Only humans faint, and not all do so. [sýnσύν gr. #1. Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most frequent type of syncope and affects about 25% of the population. Determining the underlying diagnosis and prognosis can be challenging and often results in an unstructured approach to evaluation, which is ineffective and costly. Syncope (medicine), also known as fainting. 8% of all Nov 19, 2023 · Syncope, also known as fainting, is defined as a short loss of consciousness and muscle strength, characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. Syncope is a symptom that occurs in multiple settings and has a variety of underlying causes, ranging from benign to life threatening. These are automatic functions like your blood pressure and heart rate. Aug 31, 2014 · The available data suggest that VVS in humans, alarm bradycardia in animals and the vasovagal reflex during hemorrhagic shock share the same physiological mechanisms and that is indicative of a common evolutionary root. ) and directly from Modern Latin syncretismus (17c. It is professional enough to satisfy academic standards, but accessible enough to be used by anyone. May 19, 2021 · receptor. If you pass out, you’ll likely become conscious and alert after a few seconds or minutes. g. the omission of one or more sounds or letters from the middle of a. Syncope is a common medical problem, with a frequency between 15% and 39%. Updated on December 18, 2018. May 31, 2022 · Syncope “the contraction of a word by omitting sounds from the middle” comes from Ancient Greek synkopḗ “a cutting short” and is a compound of the elements syn- “together” and kop- (from kóptein “to cut”). Sep 11, 2023 · Dysautonomia is a nervous system disorder that disrupts autonomic body processes. " Mar 17, 2023 · A cardiac arrest, which unfortunately was fatal. base: gr. the rapidly-whitening face, the miserable fixed smile, meant a syncope within the next few bars. Synonyms for SYNCOPE: faint, trance, daze, swim, blackout, insensibility, stupor, drowsiness, swoon, sleep Definition of syncope in the Definitions. Sometimes brief involuntary muscle jerks occur, resembling a seizure. ) Vasovagal syncope. Two main types of reflex syncope are similar to vasovagal syncope. VVS can be typical or nontypical. Nov 28, 2023 · Syncope is used to describe a loss of consciousness for a short period of time. net dictionary. Jun 14, 2017 · After three charts were discarded due to poor data, the patients were divided into four age groups: <40 years old (25 patients), 40–60 years old (62 patients), 61–80 years old (44 patients), and >80 years old (21 patients). Diagnosing vasovagal syncope often begins with a physical examination. περιπατώ > περπατώ (perpató) syncope of -ι-. Over-exertion, even just from standing too long, can be enough to cause a person to pass out. It seems to have a high prevalence in some families; having a parent who faints increases the likelihood of an offspring fainting, and this is increased even Sep 1, 2014 · Introduction. Trigger event (fear/pain, prolonged standing, warm environment) Prodrome of nausea/vomiting, tunnel vision, lightheadedness, diaphoresis, warmth [1] Associated with head movement or pressure on neck. After standing up. [3] Academic linguists term the resultant word-form (following the operation of apocope) an apocopation . 5% of emergency department visits, resulting in high hospital admission rates and Reviewed/Revised Jul 2022. Jan 5, 2024 · Syncope is a sudden and transient loss of consciousness that is associated with a loss of postural tone, and resolves spontaneously and completely without intervention. Syncope is a sudden, brief loss of consciousness with loss of postural tone followed by spontaneous revival. ( grammar, phonology, phonetics) [1] The loss or elision of a vowel between two consonants from the interior of a word. See the origin and history of syncopate and its related words, such as syncope, syncopation, and modifier. The most common responsible factor is cerebral hypoperfusion due to transient hypotension. Syn- (becoming sym- before b or p) is the Ancient Greek equivalent of the Latin-origin prefix co- “together” (as in Jun 2, 2024 · Synkope f (genitive Synkope, plural Synkopen) ( music) syncope. Orthostatic hypotension. Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most common cause of syncope, the etiology of which is still unclear. tardío (s. Home CCC. In this review we will discuss the current evidence that strongly suggests a major genetic component. Noun. However, there is a significant increase in the incidence Nov 3, 2022 · Syncope can happen if you have: A sudden drop in blood pressure. Jun 10, 2024 · 2 meanings: 1. Syncope is usually called fainting or “passing out. a fainting, or loss of consciousness, caused by a temporary deficiency of blood supply to the brain. All Free. c. Old English fæðm "length of the outstretched arms" (a measure of about six feet), also "arms, grasp, embrace," and, figuratively "power," from Proto-Germanic *fathmaz "embrace" (source also of Old Norse faðmr "embrace, bosom," Old Saxon fathmos "the outstretched arms," Dutch vade. The online etymology dictionary (etymonline) is the internet's go-to source for quick and reliable accounts of the origin and history of English words, phrases, and idioms. Neurocardiogenic, or vasovagal, syncope is the most common type and caused by pain, fear, or anxiety triggering a vagal response and hypotension. See examples of SYNCOPE used in a sentence. Such an event without loss of consciousness is often termed “presyncope”. These symptoms are often manageable, but diagnosing and treating dysautonomia is sometimes difficult. a short period of time when a person becomes unconscious: 2. v. The common form of neurally mediated syncope is also probably related to both breath . Jun 16, 2023 · síncope f (plural síncopes) ( medicine) syncope (loss of consciousness) Synonyms: desmaio, chilique, desfalecimento. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. これは、「短縮または縮小」という意味の、ラテン語の過去分詞語幹syncopareから派生したもので、また「気を失う、失神する」という意味もあります。後期ラテン語のsyncope(syncopeを参照)から来ています。音楽の意味は1590年代から確認されています。 Apr 4, 2018 · Eur Heart J 2018;Mar 19: [Epub ahead of print]. [1] It is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the brain, typically from low blood pressure. (ˈsɪŋkəpi ; ˈsɪnkəpi ) noun. Click for more definitions. Mar 2, 2023 · Diagnosis. If the patient did not lose postural tone, other causes should be considered first. Orthostatic hypotension-mediated syncope. ( transitive, music) to stress or accentuate the weak beat of a rhythm; to use syncopation. In a broader sense, it can refer to the loss of any initial sound (including consonants) from a word or, in a less technical sense, to the loss of one or Sep 24, 2021 · Syncope, defined as a transient loss of consciousness caused by transient global cerebral hypoperfusion, affects 30–40% of humans during their lifetime. In the general population, the annual number episodes are 18. Nov 25, 2023 · Syncopate means to shorten words or music by omitting syllables or letters. [1] Definition of syncope noun in Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. * 1973 Patrick O'Brian, HMS Surprise. ) syncretism. s. 7 per 1000 patients, with similar incidence between Jul 5, 2022 · Syncope is a clinical syndrome in which transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) is caused by a period of inadequate cerebral blood flow and oxygenation, most often the result of an abrupt drop of systemic blood pressure. ) late 14c. 7 per 1000 patients, with similar incidence between genders. Mortality rate was 4. Fatigue or exhaustion. ( phonology, prosody) syncope. ) in theology and philosophy, "attempted reconciliation of different beliefs, parties, etc. in June 2024. More simply, syncopation is "a disturbance or interruption of the regular flow of rhythm": a "placement of rhythmic stresses or accents where they wouldn't normally occur". En gr. Typically, the inadequate cerebral nutrient flow is of relatively brief duration, and, by definition, syncope is self-limited. in July 2023. Presyncope causes include: Pain, anxiety, fear or upsetting events. ( phonetics) syncope (loss of sounds in the middle of a word) Syncope is a literary device that can be defined as the contraction or the shortening of a word by omitting sounds, syllables or letters from the middle of the word, such as bos’n for the word “boatswain. (late 13c. Nov 16, 2022 · Syncope is common, and older adults are at greater risk of hospitalization and death. Learn more. , "intercalation, insertion of days into a calendar," from Old French embolisme "intercalation," from Late Latin embolismus "insertion of days in a calendar to correct errors," from Late Greek embolismos "intercalation," from embolos "peg, stopper; anything pointed so as to be easily thrust in," also "a Syncope is an abrupt and transient loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoperfusion. In phonology, apocope ( / əˈpɒkəpi / [1] [2]) is the loss ( elision) of a word-final vowel. Apr 10, 2023 · Syncope, a sudden, transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, is a phenomenon estimated to affect 30% to 40% of the population, and those numbers are likely underestimated given the high prevalence of patients with syncope who do not present to a hospital or urgent care setting. It can happen when there is a sudden change in the blood flow to the brain. Syncope is the removal or omission of a letter or syllable from the interior of a word; procope (apheresis) at the beginning of a word, and apocope at the end of a word. To distinguish this form of TLOC from other forms of collapse (e. 1–39. Syncopation, a musical effect caused by off-beat or otherwise unexpected rhythms. Mar 30, 2018 · cope (n. In music, syncopation is a variety of rhythms played together to make a piece of music, making part or all of a tune or piece of music off-beat. That looks to be the same PIE root as given for weak (feable), *weyk- "to bend, wind", albeit with a slightly updated formalism. Etymology is the study of the origin of words and their changes in structure and significance. Syncope is a noun with four meanings, one of which is obsolete. Cardiogenic syncope is caused by structural heart issues or arrhythmias like bradycardia or tachycardia. of syncope, from Gk. Underlying cause is often not found in the emergency department (~50%) Pérdida repentina del conocimiento y de la sensibilidad, debida a la suspensión súbita y momentánea de la acción del corazón. Syncope is a symptom, rather than a disease itself, and has many causes. pathology → a technical word for a faint 2. ) 1520er Jahre, "die Verkürzung eines Wortes durch Weglassen von mittleren Lauten oder Buchstaben," von Lateinisch syncope "die Verkürzung eines Wortes durch Auslassung," von Griechisch synkope "die Verkürzung eines Wortes," ursprünglich "ein Abschneiden, Zerschneiden, Verkürzen," von synkoptein "aufschneiden," von syn-"zusammen, gründlich" (siehe syn-) + koptein "schneiden Feb 14, 2024 · syncopation (usually uncountable, plural syncopations) ( linguistics, phonology) The contraction of a word by means of loss or omission of sounds or syllables in the middle thereof. [1] There are sometimes symptoms before the loss of consciousness such as Syncope is a noun that means loss of consciousness or loss of sounds in a word. 'con', 'unión' + kop(ē)κοπή gr. However, you may feel confused or tired for a bit. ( music) The quality of a rhythm being somehow unexpected, in that it deviates from the strict succession of regularly spaced strong and weak beats in a meter. ) syncope Dec 18, 2018 · Caiaimage/Sam Edwards / Getty Images. Suspension, in music. Your doctor may also recommend several tests to rule out other possible Jan 1, 2014 · Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is a loss of consciousness (LOC) due to activation of the vasovagal reflex, characterized by the occurrence of bradycardia and hypotension. Some causes have prodromal symptoms be Dec 10, 2022 · Dec 10, 2022. There are three major criteria within the definition of syncope: There must be a loss of consciousness: an initial loss of postural tone (going floppy) is a good indication of this. Syncope typically lasts for seconds or minutes and is usually followed by a complete recovery. , Anglo-French), receptour, "a knowing harborer of criminals, heretics, etc. a short period of time when a…. To shift (the regular accent) as by beginning a tone on an unaccented beat and continuing it through the next accented beat, or on the last half of a beat and continuing it through the first half of the following beat. ) c. It accounts for 1% to 1. Meaning of syncope. Syncope tends to recur, and the predisposition to syncope can persist over many decades. However, during the vasovagal reflex loss of consciousness occurs in humans, but it is absent (or extremely rare) in animals. Cardiac syncope is a higher risk in men and those over age 60. ) syncope is defined as being due to transient and spontaneously reversible Definition of syncope noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 2. The following are key points to remember from the 2018 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope: Syncope is defined as transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) due to cerebral hypoperfusion, characterized by a rapid onset, short duration, and Nov 3, 2020 · Nov 3, 2020. ” There are different types of syncope; they depend on the part of the body affected or the cause of blood flow changes. Symptoms like dizziness, lightheadedness, diaphoresis, nausea, and visual disturbances may precede it or occur suddenly with none of the above symptoms. (n. In the United States, syncope accounts for approximately 0. en el sentido actual; aparece en lat. The meter is usually sustained throughout, as are the rhymes and any other structural patterns such as refrains and examples of anaphora or epistrophe. During the physical exam, your doctor will listen to your heart and take your blood pressure. Syncope is transient, self-limited loss of consciousness with an inability to maintain postural tone that is followed by spontaneous recovery. ), from Greek synkrētismos "union of communities," from synkrētizein "to combine against a common enemy. , 2020. Neurally mediated syncope. In phonetics and phonology, apheresis ( / əˈfɛrɪsɪs, əˈfɪərɪsɪs /; British English: aphaeresis) is a sound change in which a word-initial vowel is lost, e. Cohort and population based studies suggest that around 40% of the adult population has experienced a syncopal episode (usually described syncopated - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. jg av dw ka tl da rt wb rj ed