6. Whether you’re a hunter or an outdoorsman who enjoys activities like camping and hiking, Brittanys are fantastic companions wherever you go. He’ll start seeing you as a capable leader and will turn to you for guidance. Sep 17, 2022 · Bulldogs are known for their attachment to their owners. Health Issues: Progressive Retinal Atrophy. Unfortunately, his owner had died, but the dog continued Sep 10, 2018 · Start Obedience Training. For example, a Siberian cat, according to one breeder, “often becomes attached to one family member … follow [ing] this person closely, if possible both in and outdoor. These breeds are great for people who are looking for a companion that will be by their side at all times. Working with your dog on things like “sit-stay,” “down-stay,” and “heel,” will help build his impulse control. They bring you gifts. These active dogs are always up for anything Apr 20, 2020 · Another theory of why some cats attach to just one person: It comes down to breed. Are border collies loyal to their owners? Border Collies are very loving and loyal dogs. Such behavior includes incessant whining, pacing, destructive chewing, and urinating or defecating in the home. They are super intelligent, friendly, and easy-going breeds. Jan 6, 2023 · Another gentle giant that makes the list of extra clingy dog breeds is Saint Bernard. Clinginess becomes a problem when it progresses to separation anxiety. Jealousy of other animals or people. Mar 1, 2024 · Both types are considered hypoallergenic, the fully coated powder puff is low shedding. Pictured above, this “talking dog” is sure to be great company. Matt Cardy/Getty Images Lhasa Apso. While they may not be the fastest, at 20 Dec 14, 2023 · Dogs often choose a favorite person who matches their own energy level and personality. The strong bond between bulldogs and their owners is often attributed to their loyal and affectionate nature. They’re also playful, good-natured, and have a great energy level. Some owners don’t like to attach their dogs to others. German shepherds are the second most popular breed of dog in the United States according to the American Kennel Club, known for their intelligence, bravery, loyalty, and Pit bulls are extremely loyal and become very attached to their owners quite easily. This breed was a pointer and a retriever in its early days, so it hardly strayed from its owner on hunting expeditions. While Boxers can look intimidating, they are one of the friendliest breeds Mar 18, 2024 · 2. Research suggests dogs release oxytocin, the love hormone, when gazing into their pet parents’ eyes. Boxer. Needs daily exercise and mental stimulation. This could be a great bargaining chip for convincing your loved ones to jump on the crazy dog owner bandwagon. That is kinda a mental necessity. Golden Retrievers are one of the most popular dog breeds in the US, and the reason is quite simple – their inherent desire to please. Originally, a labrador and poodle mix, the labradoodle was first bred to be a hypoallergenic guide dog. Clever and happy, the Brussels Griffon makes a great travel companion in most traveling scenarios, like most other teacup dog breeds. Since that time, the unique nature of the labradoodle has made it a wildly popular breed. Oct 16, 2023 · German Shepherds were originally bred to herd sheep before becoming specialized police and military dogs. Height: 12–13 inches. Italian Greyhound. Sep 22, 2021 · German Shepherd. Brussels griffon pups are easily trained and love showing their humans just how much they care. They will show a very close bond with that person but remains distant from all other household members. If well-socialized, they can be very friendly, giving you a great way to meet new people. For example, Ragdoll cats, Scottish folds, and Maine coons all tend to enjoy social interaction with their human companions. From tiny lap dogs to the large and aloof, these dogs are the best breeds for cat lovers. A dog who gazes lovingly into your eyes likely feels very close to you. Jan 27, 2024 · The Intelligent and Obedient: Shetland Sheepdogs. This characteristic can be particularly appealing to single-pet owners or those seeking a deeply personal Nov 7, 2023 · If you think horses are beautiful, you will think these giants are among the most beautiful dog breeds, too. 7. Here are ten affectionate cat breeds for those who want a day-and-night cuddler . Lemme clarify one by one. Instead, they're spunky house pets who like to be involved in whatever you are doing. Papillon. GoodLifeStudio / iStock / Getty Images Plus via Getty Images. French Bulldogs, with their compact size and affectionate nature, are known for forming strong bonds with their owners. . This hormonal response facilitates social bonding and creates feelings of mutual affection that can strengthen the cat-owner relationship over time. Jan 12, 2024 · Golden Retriever. Some dog breeds are naturally one person and one person only. So, let’s get to know the DOGS most attached to Oct 26, 2022 · Their good-natured attitude makes them very compatible for just about anything: kids, families, and other dogs are not a problem - the more the merrier. Famous for their silky white fur, the Maltese dog breed is well known for being a gentle and comforting all the same. Brittanys are a gorgeous and multifaceted dog breed. Spending time together helps seal this loving bond. These adorably goofy dogs are about the same size as your average cat. Make sure that you Jul 9, 2021 · Vizsla (pronounced VEEZH-la or VEESH-la) is not only a talented hunting dog, but also a devoted companion. These cats may look harsh and dangerous, but, in fact, this breed is very affectionate. If a clingy dog starts becoming anxious or panicky when left alone, it's May 23, 2019 · Poodles are extremely loving to their owners. To any Yorkshire Terrier Owner familiar with this dog’s unwavering Jun 6, 2023 · 12. These small dogs aren’t exactly “fluffy” in the traditional sense. Toy Poodle. Obedience training is a must for every dog, and it’s especially important for overprotective dogs. Constant attention-seeking behavior. But other sources claim that dogs similar to Chihuahuas have been featured in paintings from as early as the 15 th century in Europe. They are affectionate, loyal, and often follow their owners around everywhere they go. Their eagerness to please and sociable demeanor May 29, 2024 · It is certainly a breed that needs exercise and adventure to have a happy life. They love to stay by your side and will always have your back. These highly active dogs have a willingness to learn and serve a purpose. This is the same hormone that helps parents and infants bond after birth. Brittany. Flickr/DianaJansen. They become very attached to their owners and are very loving. I’ve certainly found that my more reserved, cautious dog is more closely bonded to me, while my more outgoing, boisterous dog is very attached to my more active brother. As a result, German Shepherds are one of the most loyal breeds you can find. Apr 13, 2023 · 3. They have a sociable, happy, and curious disposition and are great with children. Overall, while breed and personality can play a role in a cat’s attachment to their owner, it’s important to remember that every cat is an individual with their own unique preferences and needs. Pawing, licking, and jumping on owners. Alaskan Malamute. That’s the theory, at least. You have to take special considerations when you have this breed, especially if you have the hairless variety. Following owners around the house. Their hair is long and silky – not like the curly hair of many of the breeds on this list. Lastly, they are easy to train and smart, so if you are looking for an active dog to do sports with, they are Jan 15, 2024 · Most Active Dogs Under 25 Pounds. These cats quickly become attached to their owners and treat children well. If you have a similar experience to me, most of the poodles you have seen have been running around. They are eager to please and train easily Jul 26, 2023 · 2. The reason why your German Shepherd is so attached could be that it wants attention from you. 12. But having a dog who is trained to protect requires intense work for both the dog and the handler. These breeds often display a unique blend of loyalty, devotion, and affection towards their favorite human, creating a profound and exclusive bond. Usually, this happens when they have May 30, 2024 · 4. Apr 21, 2022 · The Vizsla is so clingy, that it earned itself the nickname “Velcro Vizsla”. Labs are one of the most loved dog breeds, holding the No. Lassie was a Collie for a reason! No other breed is as likely to alert the masses when Little Timmy falls down a well. Labrador Retrievers are perhaps one of the most beloved dog breeds, renowned for their friendly nature and strong bond with their owners. They can hunt, track, complete agility courses, and simply accompany you on a long jog. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are the epitome of a lap dog with a heart of gold, making them perfect for first-time owners looking for a smaller companion. The Golden Retriever is known as the quintessential family dog. So, if you are in search of a 90-pound ball of fluff, be sure to consider the big fluffy dogs detailed below. 1. The Havanese get very attached and are very loyal to their owners, and often attach to one person which they will closely follow. Some breeds are ‘simply’ like that! The fact that dogs like Chihuahuas attach to one person can be attributed to their genes. Chihuahuas are rumored to be descended from the Aztecs and the Toltecs. While some owners may shy away from clingy velcro breeds, these lovable dogs have a lot of love to give! From lapdogs like the Chihuahua to larger adventurous breeds like the Doberman Pinscher or Border Collie, there’s a type of velcro dog on this list for all prospective dog owners. Although they are large, Danes are lap dogs and wary of strangers. Some breeds, such as the golden retriever and pug, are known for being affectionate, attentive, and trainable. However, huskies are very trusting dogs and can be retrained to love an owner that treats them well. They hold eye contact. Dec 25, 2019 · Yes, they could easily get attached to one person only. Traumatic Pasts Affect Attachment. Papillons also don’t shed, which is always a plus. It does take dogs time to become acclimated to a new pet parent, but if they seem to be well-adjusted from the very start and intrigued by you, you might just have a velcro dog in the making! For those who are starting to notice velcro behavior from their dogs, the Innovative K9 Academy in Utah says clingy behavior can be a breed-specific trait Jan 19, 2022 · 5. In the first experiment, they tested 20 dogs' reactions during Sep 26, 2021 · 6. In 2022 Pitbulls were responsible for 41 attack deaths in the U. One breed which should absolutely be considered in any list considering affectionate dogs is the labradoodle. They become attached to their owners and are the epitome of companion dogs. It’s not that they necessarily want to cling to us as much as they feel as though they need to. Since then, Vizsla remains highly attached to its owner. Bichon Frise. They weight approximately 12 to 20 pounds when full grown. This would be more likely if you tend to leave it alone for long periods such as when going to work. Repeat this numerous times by leaving and returning for a few minutes, each time giving it a treat. They are amongst the best one person dog breeds for Jun 23, 2013 · According to a new study, dogs become attached to their caregivers in much the same way that a child using the secure base effect. Feb 22, 2021 · A Shiba Inu dog at the Crufts dog show in Birmingham, England of the U. They feel as if the owner is their anchor, their security blanket, and the only thing that Feb 6, 2024 · From 2013 to 2021, Pitbulls were reported as the most biting breed in 20 states. Velcro dogs are breeds that have a strong attachment to their owners and are known for their loyalty and affection. In addition, some dog breeds are more likely to bond with a single person, making it Dec 1, 2023 · 3. These dogs tend to be very susceptible to cold temperatures and direct Jan 28, 2024 · In this article, we’ll explore twelve dog breeds known for their ability to form these inseparable bonds, shedding light on what makes each of them such special and devoted companions. Lab Retrievers are generally friendly and personable. Image Credit: Vladimir-Nenezic, Shutterstock. Collie. They do need a bit of grooming, but substantially less so than other fluffy breeds. If your voice, movement, and overall demeanor make your dog feel comfortable, at ease, and attached, you are on the path to powerful bonding. Dog breeds that get attached to one person. Pekingese. Whichever is the case, the Chihuahua has become highly fashionable in recent Mar 7, 2023 · 9. German Shepherds were originally bred in Germany at the turn of the century, about the year 1899, as herding dogs. These breeds tend to be stubborn, opinionated and highly intelligent and require owners who are unwavering leaders. Coat Colors: White, Black, Gold Chestnut, Tricolor. If you want a cat that will act like a dog from play time to cuddle time, the Devon Rex is the cat for you. Your husky is normalized to spending time alone (If you have long work hours) Your husky is a rescue or has a troubled past. This toy breed often does not receive anger and discipline well from their owners, but would rather be giving a belly rub or a soft scratch under the chin at all times throughout heir day. Many Chihuahuas get away with yapping, but they can learn to bark only when needed and can be counted on to be dedicated alarms. Feb 22, 2024 · 3. According to the study, Pitbulls, mixed breeds, and dogs weighing between 66 and 100 pounds, with heavy, broad heads and short muzzles, are most likely to attack people. These characteristics make them stand out from similar small Sep 25, 2015 · The Schnauzer (all sizes) is a great dog for singles. It is like they picked their favorite person in the house. In this text, we will talk about this first group. Originally from China, where they were used as hunting dogs, the Shar-pei is relatively low energy, happy to be left on the sofa for a while. If you’ve got a lap, your Morkie will find it and get cozy. Just like your best friend, this canine is up for a chat with you anywhere, anytime. The spunky Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is another top pick, sometimes said to be the top pick for an emotional support dog. Shar-pei. Learn more about these companion dogs. Among the one-man dog breeds that get attached to one person, The Labrador Retriever is one that has roots on the east coast of North America and is one of the most popular breeds of dogs. As a working dog breed, German Shepherds are naturally loyal and bond well with familiar faces. S. K. Retrievers, both Golden and Labrador, are known to be one of the most loving dog breeds. Overly-attached kittens can be simply trying to communicate with us. One of the smartest and most popular breeds around, the Border Collie has a lot going for it. They tend to be fiercely loyal to a Jan 9, 2024 · The Happy Bichon Frise. It would also be more likely if it becomes more attached when you have left it alone for long periods. Once they became attached to their family, many dogs are protective. Goldens are friendly, intelligent, and devoted dogs that have a joyous and sociable nature. Jan 17, 2024 · The Golden needs a lot of exercise and play to avoid any destructive behaviors as they are very energetic dogs. These silky-haired, chubby cloud-like dogs are cheerful and can be said to be perfect companions for humans. Brittany, a popular hunting dog, is one of the best dog breeds for first time owners who love exercise and are quite the athlete. French Bulldog. They are like half dogs who are lost because their owner is their other half. They are good “alert barkers,” which can help those who feel uneasy being home alone. An Akita named Hachiko waited at the subway for his owner every single day for 10 years. Image credit: Malen Billoni Ahumada, Pixabay. Your husky wasn’t raised to be very attached and close to you. Chemistry and bonding go hand in hand, so pay attention to his natural body language. Indeed, one very special Yorkie accompanied a WWII pilot into combat. Brittany spaniels really are a high energy Jan 28, 2021 · A Labrador Retriever, the number 1 most popular breed of 2016,is shown at The American Kennel Club Reveals The Most Popular Dog Breeds Of 2016 at AKC Canine Retreat on March 21, 2017, in New York Jun 23, 2023 · Common signs of velcro dog behavior include: Excessive barking or whining when left alone. One thing is its speed and endurance. Known for their intelligence, striking beauty, and obedience, these dogs form a special bond with their humans that is hard to describe in words. Boston Terriers are moderate-sized dogs, weighing no more than 25 lbs and with an average height of 15-17 inches. The Great Pyrenees. Feb 8, 2020 · Yorkies have a history of stepping up for their Owners, making them one of the most loyal dog breeds around. Weight: 12 – 25 pounds. Golden Retriever. Shutterstock. The breed is famous for their excellent manners and adorable features. Think about Saint Bernards as having a clingy baby that weighs 160 pounds and wants to be included in every family May 19, 2023 · Examples of such breeds include the Shiba Inu, Akita, and chow chow . Oct 30, 2019 · Despite their high energy, Morkies are also very loving dogs who love to wind down with a good cuddle. Oct 10, 2022 · Hungarian Wirehaired Vizsla. These dog breeds are known for their strong attachment to one person. Furthermore, you can desensitize your puppy’s movements. Friendly and devoted, the intelligent Golden Retriever is the quintessential family dog, excellent with people of all ages, and eager to please makes the Golden Retriever Oct 20, 2023 · 2. Mar 28, 2018 · Chihuahuas are one of the smallest and most popular dog breeds. Studies have shown that when cats interact with their owners, their oxytocin levels increase, inducing feelings of pleasure and attachment. Golden Retrievers are the epitome of an affectionate breed, renowned for their friendly, tolerant, and loving nature. Brussels Griffon. Acknowledging that there is a problem is the first step. 3. Throughout history, these dogs have been known to be outgoing, powerful hunting companions with endless energy and loyalty. Life Span: 13 – 15 years. “I’ve personally seen young children playing with these breeds for long periods of time where other breeds Apr 26, 2023 · The Havanese is a loyal and family-orientated pet. Maltese. Over-attachment is dysfunctional when the dog gets anxious and exhibits signs of stress when a particular owner is away. Chinese Crested dogs tend to be relaxed and get very attached to owners. They are often referred to as “velcro dogs” because of how close they like to be. #1. Feb 5, 2024 · The 55 Velcro Dog Breeds. Bichon Havanese. Mar 17, 2023 · Dogs getting attached to one person is something that most owners will want to avoid because they do not want their dog to be afraid of people. Grooming: Needs regular grooming. Dogs without as much one-on-one time might not be as attached. Shetland Sheepdogs, also fondly known as Shelties, are an excellent choice for single dog owners. Golden Retrievers can get very attached to their owners and love pleasing them. This small dog breed has a short, smooth coat that needs to be brushed only Dec 3, 2020 · 2. Dogs are intelligent animals that will recognize when it is time for you to leave. 2. 4. They are intelligent, easy to train, and the top dog for families. Loyal and obedient, this dog trains very well, and is best matched to anyone with an active lifestyle. BOSTON TERRIER. The cat accepts the whole family but when it comes to Mar 5, 2023 · The Italian greyhound stays small as an adult and is 13 to 15 inches tall and weighs seven to 14 pounds. 14. Height: 9 – 14 inches. They also get very attached to their owners, so if you bring a Morkie into your home, be prepared to have a tiny sidekick everywhere you go. At the time, these dogs worked closely with their owners to manage farm animals. Vizslas have a trademark red coat and are built for activity. Perhaps the most energetic dog breed there is the Jack Russell Terrier (pictured above). Dec 20, 2023 · In the diverse world of canine companions, certain dog breeds are renowned for forming incredibly close bonds with one specific person. They are often referred to as "shadow dogs" because they follow their owners around everywhere they go. Shelties are loyal, loving, and devoted companions that make great family pets. Rescue dogs with traumatic pasts or previous absentee owners might have a more challenging time connecting and might be more prone to run away. We all have rituals we perform before leaving the house. Poodles are very energetic dogs. As a result, he forms a very strong bond with his owner. Tibetan mastiff. Apr 9, 2024 · This article explores the 15 most affectionate dog breeds on the planet, highlighting those canines known for their unparalleled capacity to love and be loved. These adorable looking elf-like cats will spend time perched on your shoulder, eat by your side, and follow you around the house, vocalizing the entire time. Mar 4, 2024 · 7. Mar 31, 2022 · The Miniature Schnauzer is a sturdy, small dog with an affectionate disposition. The Bichon Frise is a springy, peppy little dog with Feb 9, 2024 · Defining Velcro Dogs. Apr 10, 2024 · Final Thoughts. Once the poodle gets to know you, they will become attached. Weight: 13–18 pounds. 1 spot as the most registered American Kennel Club (AKC) breed for 31 years until the French bulldog broke the Feb 28, 2018 · In other words, when a person is the source of all good things, the dog will form a connection with them. Image Credit: Nestor Rizhniak, Shutterstock. Both jobs required German Shepherds to listen closely to their owner or handler. It wants attention. A few such breeds that get attached to one person are: Shar-Pei; Shiba Inu; Chow Chow; Australian Cattle Dog; Blue Heeler May 5, 2024 · This article counts down twelve of the most clingy dog breeds, known for sticking to their owners like glue. You see, poodles tend to cling to their person, a particular person in the house. Oct 9, 2023 · The Genetics of the Breed To begin to understand why German Shepherds get anxious, we need to understand the history of the breed. This means that yes, a pit bull will protect their owner if they sense that they are in danger. Jan 22, 2024 · Dachshund. These pups pack quite a personality in a pint-sized frame, that’s equal parts comical, sensitive, and loyal. Aug 22, 2022 · Shetland is a small, intelligent dog breed that is known for being a very clingy dog breed and attached to its owners. It’s not a big surprise because this dog has been bred to work closely with humans. The Tibetan mastiff, one of the most expensive dog breeds, was bred in the Himalayas to guard people as well as livestock and is one of the best guard dogs around. Many dogs who exhibit a sudden clingy behavior may have developed Mar 14, 2024 · The 20 Most Affectionate Dog Breeds That Love to Cuddle. Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. They’re relatively easy to train and adapt well to nearly every lifestyle. Yorkshire Terriers got their start helping coal miners keep their work areas free of rodents. Labrador retriever. Researchers at Vetmeduni's Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, performed two experiments on dogs' behavior. Sep 3, 2015 · The Chihuahua is known for being a barker, but when properly trained the breed is actually an outstanding watchdog. Interestingly, oxytocin is not only released in response Nov 23, 2023 · 4. They are social and adaptable, friendly with all people, but tend to bond with one person in particular, whom they will follow everywhere, no matter what. 8. With a tail that seldom stops wagging, the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is one of the sweetest breeds you’ll ever encounter. Devon Rex. Sweet, playful, and charming are the traits that endear miniature schnauzers to potential dog owners. 9. Medical Issues. Jack Russell Terrier. This is a problem of sensitivity and bear. While they are easy to train, they do need plenty of exercise. The mini schnauzer is loyal, confident, and intelligent, yet stubborn. Mar 30, 2019 · Mixed Breed / Designer Breed: King Charles Spaniel Poodle mix. The bichon frise, is perfect for first-time pet parents looking for a small dog who is good with children and doesn’t require a ton of exercise. This one comes as no surprise to most of us. The breed can become very devoted to their owners, though they are not lap dogs. They even bear the nickname of “velcro dog,” as they like to stick as close as possible to their person. Aug 31, 2023 · There are only BREEDS OF DOGS that are more attached to their owner and those that are less so. Their soulful eyes and the bushy eyebrows and beards are the trademarks that distinguish this beautiful breed. Brittany Spaniel. Finally, Morkies are not usually quiet dogs. The Collie is one of the most devoted breeds. The Lhasa Apso breed was originally bred to guard Tibetan temples Oct 12, 2023 · 20 Great Big Fluffy Dogs. These gentle dogs are also adaptable, so they are used as guide, sniffer, and police dogs. Bulldogs seek companionship and thrive on the love and attention they receive from their owners. Cavaliers are affectionate, gentle, and adaptable, thriving in both city apartments and in the countryside. Purple Collar Pet Photography //Getty Images. Feb 4, 2024 · 5. This is the reason why it is important for you to know how to show them your affection and care. on March 10, 2017. This breed is very smart and can be house trained faster than most toy dogs. Border Collie. By taking the time to understand and cater to your cat’s personality and attachment style, you can build a strong and rewarding relationship that Sep 27, 2021 · 4. Mar 21, 2023 · Every dog owner hopes to get a special privilege from their dogs. They say that you don’t own a Brussels griffon, rather, these doggos own you. The Shetland Sheepdog (“Sheltie”), also makes the list, as a pint-sized version of the Collie. Golden retrievers are probably at the top of your list when you think of friendly and devoted family dogs. There are plenty of methods to get your Shih Tzu’s attached to you. Inability to be left alone in a room. Don’t worry. Certain medical issues, such as seizures and epilepsy, can cause a kitten (or an adult cat) to be overly attached. Maine Coon . Aug 30, 2006 · However, Havanese can be trained to use a litter box, which can greatly reduce issues with housebreaking. Aloof, mentally Jul 5, 2024 · 5 common reasons why your husky isn’t attached to you: Your husky has a strong sense of independence and enjoys his own company. While definitions of “big” and “fluffy” may vary, there are twenty big furry dog breeds that clearly meet these criteria and make good pets for families. Akitas are so loyal that one member of this breed has probably the single greatest story of canine loyalty ever. This is because the Chi and owner might cuddle together on the bed or sofa and even go for walks together. Shih Tzus excel in pairs, and they will keep each other occupied which (surprisingly) requires less effort as an owner. They will always be down to explore city streets, parks, and trails at your side. Poodles are Active Dogs. Sep 8, 2023 · Separation anxiety causes dogs to engage in destructive, anxious behavior when left alone. The Golden is also a popular working dog and is commonly used as seeing eye and search-and-rescue dogs. Article Sources. Akita Dog. These dogs are not very active, preferring to lounge around the home, ideally right beside their Nov 20, 2023 · 1. Nov 1, 2022 · READ FULL ARTICLE: Ragdoll Breed Info and Characteristics 2. May 4, 2023 · Intelligence, and high trainability levels among other breeds of dog. 15 Friendliest Dog Breeds That Love People. Coat. Chihuahuas are generally very sweet and affectionate dogs that make great companions with the right Sep 11, 2022 · Cuddly and a bit rampant in their early days, they turn out to be fine, strong, gentle giants. Labradoodle. Cavaliers were bred to be companion dogs, and they live up to the task perfectly. Some of the most popular velcro dog breeds include the Bichon Frise, Chihuahua, Cavalier King Charles May 6, 2024 · There are plenty of affectionate cat breeds that show tons of love and attention to their owners, though. It isn’t a lazy dog, though. Labrador Retriever. German Shepherd Description Commonly used by the police and military, German Shepherds originated from Germany dating back to the late 1800s. Mar 21, 2023 · 9. xj sx an kq kp bc se mu vn zv