Trust ssl certificate linux. html>lj

A certificate is a way to distribute a public key and other information about a server and the organisation responsible for it. Next to option 1 there is another way to add certificates to an Ubuntu server. To install a new certificate to IdM, use the ipa-cacert-manage install command. First generate the private/public RSA key pair: openssl genrsa -aes256 -out ca. I'm using docker on CoreOS, and the CoreOS machine trusts the needed SSL certificates, but the docker containers obviously only have the default. This certificate is usually the first one in the hierarchy of 3 certificates available there. Mar 21, 2014 · # Trusted certificates, intermediate certificates, and self signed certificates (your self signed certificates also act as root certificates) # Although you can manually add your trusted ssl cert to your system, its best to just run update-ca-certificates and follow below process (read man page of update-ca-certificates to find out how to Apr 25, 2024 · Let's Encrypt is a free, automated, and open certificate authority brought to you by the nonprofit Internet Security Research Group (ISRG). CRT * and a personal certificate * . However, the steps to configure TLS are specific Sep 19, 2018 · On UNIX systems the environment variables SSL_CERT_FILE and SSL_CERT_DIR can be used to override the system default locations for the SSL certificate file and SSL certificate files directory, respectively. This encodes the key file using an passphrase based on AES256. Use an intermediate certificate. Usually, the following workflow is completed before a web browser verifies a certificate from your web server. Remove symlinks in /etc/ssl/certs directory. key -out my-certificate. Verify that the current time is between the notValidBefore and not validAfter attributes. -nodes \. In this constellation I get ssl-errors while calling this services (ssl-not valid) and therefore I need to install this root-certificate in the docker-container or somehow I have dealt with this situation many times, so I exported the certificate as Base64-enoded ASCII, single certificate and save it to disk. The first task in this tutorial is to install the easy-rsa set of scripts on your CA Server. Double-click on your root certificate in the list. host:9999. certtool -s --load-privkey localhost. crt. Since those spoofed certificates are signed by the company Root CA, users should trust in that Root CA which was probably installed for you in Windows by the domain administrator. First import the certificate by hand into the firefox profile of the sample-user. Apr 3, 2021 · I have to use MS Edge on Linux, and I need to my company's internal ca root certificate public key to validate internal sites. Sample command output; The command creates a root CA and is stored under ~/. In this directory structure, you can add the Zscaler certificate into the certs directory by simply copying the file in. key --outfile localhost. In the Virtual Host settings for your site, in the httpd. sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/jenkins. Mar 18, 2024 · Generate Local CA on Ubuntu 20. Let ubuntu pick-up that new CA certificate and install it in the Linux system. As we know, all certificates have a validity period, after which they are considered invalid for any transaction. For personal or development use, you can self-sign the certificate like this: openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in csr. You may use TLS certificates from a well-known Certificate Authority, an internal or private CA, or self-signed certs. Apr 1, 2021 · So-called trust anchors are used to verify the certificate. May 29, 2024 · Open a new browser window to the app. Apr 25, 2022 · I need to trust a self-signed certificate on a lot of managed Linux desktops. To pull off such an installation, all we need to do is use the anchor subcommand of the trust command: $ trust anchor --store ~/baeldung. update-ca Feb 9, 2023 · 1. Note: If you need more trusted self-signed certificates, put them into the same file: May 2, 2024 · In this file, we copy the SSL certificate your_certificate. Another option is to ask security team to provide you a corporate Root CA certificate file in Base-64 format. The presence of one or more <filename>. I receive the following output: depth=1 /C=NZ/ST=Test State or Province/O=Organization Name/OU=Organizational Unit Name/CN=Test CA. x and parts of RHEL6, and compatible with CentOS), the certificates are stored in /etc/pki/tls/certs and the keys are stored in /etc/pki/tls/private. Find and replace the values in the file as shown below. Oct 30, 2023 · Applies to: SQL Server - Linux. To install Let’s Encrypt on your Linux server, follow these steps: 1. Click Accept the Risk and Continue to go to the about Dec 27, 2023 · Step 3 – Obtain the Signed SSL Certificate (. Open the file. the root certificates stored in the browser or OS). openssl_certificate), which redirects to community. There are many commercial CA providers, and you can compare and contrast the most appropriate options for your own setup. I used ~/git-certs/cert. To export the certificate in . pfx myservice. now in the store you run the update-ca-trust to finish. However, it seems that the command trust treats certificates added manually to the system-wide trust store as read-only certificates and does not support the removal of these certificates. Choose your private key file (i. db. 04 in Docker) the certificate is not trusted: curl: (60) SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate I tried update-ca-certificates and even imported the Globalsign Root certificate. 1, and 1. Certificates it finds there are treated as trusted by openssl s_client and openssl verify (source: the article, What Jun 5, 2020 · When SSL interception is enabled, the Bluecoat proxy will present spoofed SSL certificates signed by itself to users when navigating to HTTPS sites. Alternatively you can place the file into the anchors directory and run the update-ca-trust command to push The sections below describe how to enable TLS for MinIO. I can get the SSL certificate from the server using: openssl s_client -connect server:443 Jan 13, 2013 · 3. When you trust that school CA, your verification of the fake github cert will work, since the fake github cert will be verified by the school CA. Jun 4, 2018 · According to the man pages for update-ca-certificates, add the -f switch to remove symlinks in /etc/ssl/certs-f, --fresh Fresh updates. Create a self-signed certificate that includes the public key and the specified distinguished name information. In the world of networking, a certificate authority (CA) is an organization that vouches for Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) certificates, which indicate that a web server can be trusted. All the SSL-based configurations go into this file. -sha256 \. Once finished, your Ubuntu system can begin using the Certificate Authority server as a means to validate its connection to other verified servers. Jan 6, 2013 · Both have Authorities tab, which is a list of trusted root certificates. You don't need to do anything else. -days 3650 \. OpenSSL looks here for a file named cert. Close the certificate window. Firefox) Let’s Encrypt is a non-profit Certificate Authority (CA) that issues SSL certificates for free. I want to check this by looking May 26, 2017 · Everything works as expected, but from my application I need to call other services via https and those hosts use certificates signed by self-maintained root certificates. pfx -p <password>`. Let’s breakdown the command and understand what each option means: -newkey rsa:4096 - Creates a new certificate request and 4096 bit RSA key. Open your httpd. The update-ca-certificates command updates the certificate store, ensuring that the applications trust the certificate. Jul 18, 2020 · I couldn't find any remakes in the documentation, too. If your StoreFront server is not able to provide the intermediate certificates that match the certificate it is using, or you need to install intermediate certificates to support smart card users, follow these steps before adding a StoreFront store. Types of certificates Dec 2, 2022 · Step 3 – Purchasing and Obtaining a Certificate. ADVERTISEMENT. it is something that requires it to be securely stored, so you can just port forward from 80 -> your desired http port and 443 -> your desired https port. This will create a new ca-certificate. Generate "example. I have imported them into the trust store of the OS, curl, wget etc. Step 2: Copy the Certificate Files. For example, Namecheap acts as an SSL certificate reseller, and has changed upstream CA providers in the past to provide the best value. It depends on what you consider "trusted". SQL Server on Linux can use Transport Layer Security (TLS) to encrypt data that is transmitted across a network between a client application and an instance of SQL Server. 10 on, it can still be used by the old short name (or by ansible. com then I get an error: curl: (60) SSL certificate problem: self signed certificate in certificate chain More de It is possible to use the system trust store, instead of the bundled certifi certificates for verifying HTTPS certificates. Dec 12, 2019 · @george_p Hi, I created ca files with your script. crt $(openssl version -d | cut -f2 -d \")/certs. $ sudo update-ca-certificates. That means it can not find the corresponding ssl server key in the global system keyring. They are commonly used in web browsing and email. csr. default/cert8. Expand the Trust section. Feb 15, 2024 · Let’s Encrypt is a popular choice for obtaining free SSL certificates. PDF. If console returns "A valid HTTPS certificate is already present. ```. pem" and "example. conf file with any text editor. key -out yourdomain. We can get an interactive SSL connection to our server, using the openssl s_client command: $ openssl s_client -connect baeldung. chmod 400 ca. The openssl verify command is used to check the SSL certificate against the CA certificates to verify its authenticity. All the key Jenkins startup configurations are present in /etc/sysconfig/jenkins file. May 5, 2016 · QUICK HELP 2: If your certificate is in the extended BEGIN TRUSTED file format (which may contain distrust/blacklist trust flags, or trust flags for usages other than TLS) then: add it as a new file to directory /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/ Mar 18, 2024 · This /etc/ssl/certs listing shows all available SSL certificates in the default store of the system. If the SSL certificate can be validated (i. Manage public and private key pairs and certificates from entities that you trust. Starting with version 49, Firefox can be configured to automatically search for and import CAs that have been added to the Windows certificate store by a user or administrator. Right-click the certificate file and select Install Certificate. x509_certificate should be used to avoid a deprecation warning. NET\Https folder. Or, use certtool, it's much easier for one-off cert generation: certtool -p --outfile localhost. To obtain a certificate you create CSR (certificate signing request), send it to CA. You can obtain an SSL certificate from a trusted Certificate Authority (CA) or generate a self-signed certificate using OpenSSL. sudo apt install wget curl libnss3-tools. I have found out the certificates reside in /etc/pki/tls. I will use myca as a standin name for your ca (or self-signed) cert and myca. Jan 31, 2012 · Having the trusted certificate in dedicated file. Now your CA is configured and ready to act as a root of trust for any systems that you want to configure to use it. Below, I use -CAfile option with Google Internet Authority G2: $ openssl s_client -connect google. And you do that by adding the school's CA certificate as a trusted one. key/cert pairs indicates to Docker that there are custom certificates required for access to the desired repository. If the browser is still not trusting the certificate, follow the platform-specific suggestions that follow. Sep 5, 2023 · Step 1: Obtain the SSL Certificate. Above command will prompt for keystore password and generate the CSR file. You can find the root CA path by running the command below. Jul 21, 2023 · Verify the SSL certificate: # openssl verify server. checking the digital signature) the client usually does the following: Check that the certificate chains to a trusted root. May 11, 2024 · And this becomes our trust store. Type about:config in the address bar and press Enter Return. Typically, CA certificates have a longer validity period, so we don’t have to do this very often. mydomain. crt, a concatenated single-file list of certificates. The installation is in four parts. crt \. Then copy. com Nov 2, 2021 · --cert-type <type> (SSL) Tells curl what certificate type the provided certificate is in. easy-rsa is a Certificate Authority management tool that you will use to generate a private key, and public root certificate, which you will then use to sign requests from clients and servers that will rely on your CA. In most cases, this is acceptable. Make sure to replace “yourdomain” with your actual domain name. ", a trusted certificate already exists in your store. SQL Server supports the same TLS protocols on both Windows and Linux: TLS 1. Sep 21, 2022 · Trust is important. Jun 9, 2021 · The following works on Linux: Generate a local CA. Previous steps shall result in having the certificate in some file. org-key. pem. Note. 0 aliases for the same files: $ ls -la /etc/ssl/certs | grep Amazon_Root_CA. Apr 19, 2015 · That example was adapted from this Unix and Linux StackExchange article. Obtain the intermediate certificate(s) separately in PEM format. mkcert -pkcs12 -p12-file myservice. Using OpenSSL. cer. 2) Configure the Apache server to point to certificate files. A certificate is a "secret", i. If there is a 4xx-level or 5xx-level authentication error, Docker continues to try with the next certificate. pem 2048. For example: Then you need to trust the public key of the self signed Sep 13, 2021 · To example the details of a particular certificate, run the following command: openssl x509 -in (path to certificate and certificate filename) -text -noout. pem) Search for the “Common Name” you provided earlier. 04. Oct 23, 2013 · My git client claims error: Peer's Certificate issuer is not recognized. -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----. mkcert has support for the following root stores: To get the help page for mkcert, pass the option --help. See full list on baeldung. Dec 19, 2019 · This will vary from distribution to distribution. First things first, if this machine is on the internet and the SSL certificate is signed by a trusted source, there is no need to specify a certificate. rootca. # The following command will fork to the background. pem". x509_certificate. It’s there! That’s it :) Option 2. sudo update-ca-certificates -f Aug 6, 2014 · You can remedy the situation by telling OpenSSL what to trust. I have a self-signed certificate (this is generted by iamlive - iamlive is running as a proxy and inspects all traffic to AWS endpoints to record IAM polciies) The iamlive command looks like this: . However, if there is a self signed certificate involved things get a little more interesting. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer security (TLS ) are protocols that provide secure communications over a computer network or link. pem -clrtrust -out normal. And executed `update-ca-trust`. -keyout example. Now we will start using OpenSSL to create the necessary keys and certificates. You will see output similar to the Click on the security icon on the address box left to the url. And Servers tab, a list of trusted server certificates. Modify the “When using this certificate:” dropdown to “Always Trust”. jks. crypticpassword is used as a stand-in for a password of your own choosing. crt /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/foo. conf file, you will need to add the following: Copy the PEM formatted Bundled CA file onto the directory location of all your CA-Bundle files. Certificates can be digitally signed by a Certification Authority (CA), which is a trusted third party that has confirmed the information contained in the certificate is accurate. 2, 1. PEM, DER and ENG are recognized types. The path you are looking for is the "Directory for OpenSSL files". Copy the certificate file and the CA bundle file to the appropriate directories on your Linux server. Mar 18, 2024 · 3. mkcert -install. 4) Restart the Apache server. Click on connection not secure, more information. Background and Prerequisites This tutorial assumes you are using an AlmaLinux system on the public Internet with a valid DNS A or CNAME record. cp ZscalerRootCertificate-2048-SHA256. Jul 18, 2022 · Procedures for using a browser to import a certificate as trusted (on Linux systems) vary depending on the browser and Linux distribution used. 3. It can be exported using MMC Console. Request a certificate for your domain: ```. crt/. But `dotnet run` still didn't work. crypto. $ openssl x509 -in trusted. 1) Copy the certificate files to your server. db to the users you want equip with the certificate. Install the local CA in the system trust store. You can add the CA’s certificate to your OpenVPN servers, web servers, mail servers, and so on. Oct 21, 2022 · I am on an Amazon Linux 2 system. verify return:1. crt file) Next, we need to get the CSR file signed to generate the final . Last edited by LockBot on Wed Dec 28, 2022 12:16 pm, edited 1 time in total. openssl s_client -connect host. (This should cover ubuntu and Debian images). CONNECTED(00000003) # some debugging output. $ mkcert -install. key. CER format file, you will need to use the -export option of the keytool. json; If you get this error: 12. pem - you public SSL, that you will use in your nginx config: ssl_certificate. Jun 21, 2023 · Updated: June 21, 2023 By steve. 1. 10 or newer. For example, on Amazon Linux instances (based on RHEL 5. local/share/mkcert. Dec 21, 2022 · Step 4 — Distributing your Certificate Authority’s Public Certificate. com:443. When we don’t have access to a browser, we can also obtain the certificate from the command line. verify error:num=19:self signed certificate in certificate chain. Next to download, select the PEM (chain) to download the chain of certificates. Linux. Jun 22, 2018 · Try adding -addext basicConstraints=critical,CA:TRUE,pathlen:1 to your openssl command or modifying your cnf file to the same effect. pfx must match the project assembly name. Step 1: SSL Certificates. Apr 9, 2020 · Step 5: Modify Jenkins Configuration for SSL. jks -alias mytrustCA. Dec 6, 2019 · Ideally you should decouple certificates and SSL from your container. Download the tool’s binary file from Github in Debian with the execution of this command in terminal. 0. But the procedures share common steps: to open the browser settings form and use the form to import the certificate to a store. Using trust. Mar 18, 2024 · 2. Apr 12, 2018 · Install the CA file in Ubuntu. The security section in Settings there is a "Manage certificates" link, but that does not work. sudo dpkg-reconfigure ca-certificates. Oct 22, 2016 · Other possible solution: This might take care of svn "cleaning" STDIN before reading the answer by constantly sending the answer from a forked process to the terminal. This will generate a file named mytrustCA. com. Just expanding on @patrick's answer, this command can be used to convert a trusted cert to a normal one. Example, /etc/httpd/conf/ssl. --cacert <CA certificate> (SSL) Tells curl to use the specified certificate file to verify the peer. But I am at a loss what actions I should perform to make wget function without complaining. Nov 29, 2021 · Step 1: Download and Install mkcert Tool. Under the security tab, select view certificate, scroll toward the end. Before beginning, note these important points: Configure TLS on each node. RPM spec: Requires: /usr/bin/update-ca-trust Requires: ca-certificates Jan Toth I have been in DevOps related jobs for past 6 years dealing mainly with Kubernetes in AWS and on-premise as well. Jun 25, 2018 · If you want to purchase a valid ssl from certificate authorities, then you need to first create a CSR, Use the following command to do it. to get a raw certificate dumped out, which I can then copy and export. Copy the company_CA. May 29, 2023 · Windows Enterprise Support. update-ca-certificates is a program that updates the directory /etc/ssl/certs to hold SSL certificates and generates ca-certificates. The trust command is a straightforward option for installing system-wide SSL certificates on openSUSE. Aug 15, 2018 · Use mkcert to generate locally trusted SSL certificates. For example, the command allows you to change the current certificate when it is nearing its expiration date. Delete the C:\Users {USER}\AppData\Roaming\ASP. Update the system and install necessary tools. OPENSSLDIR: "/etc/pki/tls". CA signs the CSR, turning it into trusted certificate in the process. sudo update-ca-trust. Use the p12 certificate in your dotnet service. Create CSR: keytool -certreq -keyalg RSA -alias svr1. We don’t need to use the –store flag when adding a certificate to the trust store. sudo trust anchor /path/to/the/root. In order to use system trust stores, you need to use Python 3. com:443 -CAfile google-ca. The easiest way is to import the certificate into a sample firefox-profile and then copy the cert8. tecadmin. sudo apt update -y. Open a corporate portal home page in browser and download Root CA certificate. Read all about our nonprofit work this year in our 2023 Annual Report. pem and a subdirectory certs/. Generate private key with OpenSSL; Create CSR with OpenSSL Apr 3, 2019 · Do not copy the cert manually to trusted certs, run sudo update-ca-certificates after you copy the cert in the right folder. no need to validate if it is signed by a proper CA) P—Trusted peer certificate (often used for self-signed certificates that need to be trusted) The purpose of the trust attributes is for: SSL—Secure communication over SSL/TLS Feb 18, 2020 · Under the Debian family the distribution way of handling a trust certificate is as follows (reverse engineered by looking at update-ca-certificates):. # and keep sending 't^M' (^M is return) for 5 seconds to the terminal. If it doesn't work (doesn't update or add any certificate) copy it to every folder possible. Apr 26, 2019 · Followed what appears to be the standard procedure to add a cert to the Linux trust, and it seems to add the cert: $ sudo cp foo. Check option "ask" for Prompt for each new CA certificate. $ python -m pip install SomePackage Apr 25, 2024 · The certificate name, in this case aspnetapp. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. In fact, most of them are links to files in directories like /usr/share/ca-certificates, as well as . Now that the mkcert utility is installed, run the command below to generate and install your local CA on Ubuntu 20. g. CONNECTED(00000003) depth=3 C = US, O = Equifax, OU = Equifax Secure Certificate Authority. pem in the above example) then you will have to do the same for all certs. If not specified, PEM is assumed. 7. $ mkcert example. crt file without your root CA certificate and remove the symlink. NOTE: If there are multiple certs in your source file ( trusted. If multiple certificates exist, each is tried in alphabetical order. A warning page may appear. You can't blindly trust everybody and everything; instead, you should base trust on experience and reputation. Nov 17, 2020 · Good evening, I am new to using Linux Mint and I need to work in Remote mode for that I need to install a trusted certificate * CA. Generate the certificate to be used in your service. Install Certbot, Let’s Encrypt’s official client: 2. trust them. csr -keystore /etc/pki/keystore. crt to a directory used by Linux distributions to store implicitly trusted certificates. Pfx * thanks in advance. Validating a server certificate in the browser is mainly done by checking that the hostname from the URL matches the name(s) in the certificate and that you can build a trust chain to a locally trusted CA certificate (i. /home/$ {USER}/. Feb 27, 2024 · In this tutorial, we will go through the step by step instructions of adding a certificate to the trusted authorities list in Ubuntu Linux. As a result, we’ll need to update or remove certificates from our trust store. A menu will appear. If your SSL certificate is not signed by one of these CA's, the browser will display a warning: TurnKey appliances generate self signed certificates on first boot to provide an encrypted traffic channel, but because the certificates are not signed by a trusted CA, the warning is displayed. 1 myservice. I'm looking for a simple and reproducible way of adding a file into /etc/ssl/certs and run update-ca-certificates. SSL and SSL Certificates Explained For Beginners. Certificate trust is cached by browsers. local in /etc/hosts. 127. pem - CA SSL, that you will need to install in your browser (e. Feb 22, 2024 · Navigate to File > Import Items …. Then I go to the Chromium Settings - Manage HTTPS/SSL certificates and import it in Authorities, finally clicking on the Trust this certificate for. Jul 8, 2015 · So, for the SSL connection to work in the school, you need to consciously accept that "MITM" attack. To make this work I will have to add the self-signed certificate of the server to my RedHat box. Add an entry for myservice. Apr 22, 2016 · Certificate validation is done to make sure that the peer is the one you expect. As @tnbt answered, openssl version -d (or -a) gives you the path to this directory. 3. This article's objective is to describe the steps involved in trusting a CA certificate in Citrix Workspace App for Linux Instructions Download CA certificate in PEM format. crt`. 26. sudo certbot certonly --standalone -d yourdomain. Ensure certs are readable by the user who runs the MinIO Server process. crt : OK. Installing a CA Certificate Manually. Many tools provided with Red Hat Enterprise Linux also use these certificates, including for interactions with Red Hat support (redhat-support-tool), Red Hat OpenShift clusters (oc), and Red Hat Satellite 6 servers (hammer). In your first command, you have used the -genkey option to generate the keystore named keystore. Reason: Topic automatically closed 6 months after creation. Jun 15, 2012 · man update-ca-certificates:. Feb 27, 2023 · To generate a CSR for an SSL certificate on a Linux server, you can use the following command: openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout yourdomain. In Manjaro to import a local crt you must first store the cert with the trust command that allow manage the policy store items. Generate a public and private key pair by using the RSA algorithm and a key length of 3072 bits. The preceding commands solve most browser trust issues. org. pem -signkey private. Once you've determined which certificate it is, it should be possible to add the certificate to the local cert store, which is detailed here for Ubuntu, and is something like: Create a directory for extra CA certificates in /usr/share/ca-certificates Jan 28, 2019 · I have a Linux-based Docker container, where if I do: curl https://google. crt server. Mar 3, 2020 · Command-line utilities such as curl and wget can use these CA certificates to validate server certificates. Beside the core cryptographic checks (e. Trust anchors are certificates that are completely trusted and are kept in the browser's trusted CA store. You will see your new certificate. cer -keystore keystore. crt as the file with the certificate (DER or PEM). key - your private SSL, that you will use in your nginx config: ssl_certificate_key. An example is: keytool -v -export -file mytrustCA. , myCA. net -file svr1. mozilla/firefox/$ {randomalphanum}. local. -out example. 3) Test the configuration was successful. Jan 10, 2024 · Step 3: Install your SSL certificate. Then we need to create the self-signed root CA certificate. Dec 22, 2021 · List of trusted ssl certificates. e. Dec 23, 2018 · The thing is, that Chrome/Mozilla/Edge on Windows trust the site certificate anyway: However, in a Gnu/Linux deployment (Ubuntu 18. crt file to new directory extra in /usr/share/ca-certificates. , it was issued by a trusted CA), the command will output OK. crt certificate file. However browsers like Firefox and Chrome (Chromium) use their own trust store. Updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs Apr 28, 2020 · Step 1 — Installing Easy-RSA. Run the ipa-cacert-manage install command, and specify the path to the file containing the certificate. From Ansible 2. builtin. It does not matter, what file it is as long as it is visible to your git when accessing that domain. This approach will typically support corporate proxy certificates without additional configuration. If you use a password while making the certificate, you should use it in the appsettings. I try to import the pfx with `dotnet dev-certs https --clean --import localhost. Jun 6, 2020 · To create a new Self-Signed SSL Certificate, use the openssl req command: -x509 \. Part 1 of 4: Copy the certificate files to your server. When using FQCNs or when using the collections keyword, the new name community. Feb 6, 2024 · c—Valid certificate authority; C—Trusted certificate authority (implies c) p—Valid peer certificate (i. vr lm ys iu ss lz gm lj go yh