What is base64 encoding used for. We first convert the string into a bytes-like object.

Its versatility and ease of use make it a valuable asset in Nov 17, 2020 · Base64 Algorithm. What is the purpose of padding in base64 encoding. The Base64 Alphabet contains 64 basic ASCII characters which are used to encode data. It does this by converting binary data into a sequence of printable characters. The only drawback is that the size of the result will increase to 33%. Used for: Maintaining data confidentiality i. Encryption: Purpose: The purpose of encryption is to transform data in order to keep it secret from others. Dec 15, 2016 · In math terms, the Base64 function is an injective function. Dec 28, 2023 · URL encoding is similar to base64 encoding but is used to encode special characters in URLs. Limitations of Base64 Encoding§ However, some downsides to base64 encoding include: Encoded output can be around 33% larger than the original binary Mar 3, 2015 · For base 64 that’s generally a yes. Each of these 3 Bytes are mapped to 64 different characters (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, "+", "/" - thus you get name BASE64). Base64 encoding is a binary-to-text encoding/decoding scheme. a whole multiple of 3 for BASE64_ENCODE. Yeah, that’s right, 64 characters is enough to encode any data of any length. On base 64 encoded data, the resultant Oct 24, 2012 · byte[] decoded = Base64. You can encrypt and decrypt your data by using provided methods. Nov 18, 2014 · Base64 encoding avoids this problem: the byte value "0" cannot occur in the encoded form of the hash, so it doesn't matter if you compare encoded hashes using memcmp() (the right way) or strcmp() (the wrong way). decode(encoded); String decodedStr = new String(decoded, StandardCharsets. Sep 4, 2023 · Encoding Strings with Python. Historically, it has been used to encode binary data in email messages where the email server can modify line endings. If necessary, choose the output character encoding of the text data. Without an out-of-band character you can't have the benefits of a fixed encoding size. Base64 encode your data without hassles or decode it into a human-readable format. Thus, attackers encode data in base64 format and send it over HTTP Protocol. Base64 is a binary-to-text encoding scheme that allows for the representation of binary data in an ASCII string format. However, its benefits are much more important, at least because all these symbols are Jul 19, 2022 · Decode the Base64 String in C# With FromBase64String () This method is the opposite of the ToBase64String() method. This encoding doesn't protect the value from anything other than an over-the-shoulder glance. Base64 encoding schemes are generally used when there is a need to encode binary Nov 28, 2023 · So you need base64 when: Incompatible data is transmitted through the network. Numerous tools are available to decode the data without the need for Feb 18, 2014 · The problem is in the encoding that displayed the output to you, or in the encoding that you used to input the data to base64. You can use the base64 command-line utility to encode and decode files or standard input. It is primarily used to ensure that data can be transmitted and stored safely in various systems, including those that only support text-based formats. It is often used to encode binary data, such as images, files, or binary data, into a text-based format that may be safely transferred via text-based protocols, such as email, or included in URLs without causing problems owing to special characters. In particular, Base64 is used where byte values between 128 and 255 cannot be easily and reliably transferred. As a result, it is a Oct 29, 2008 · For Node. We then group the binary data into bytes and decode it as needed. The expectation that Base64 encoded data might save you some trouble there. Now that you understand how Base64 encoding works, you can work with it at the command line. Java 8 now provides java. , to ensure the data cannot be consumed by Nov 18, 2020 · Open JSON File • What is base64 encoding used for?-----We believe that education is essential for every people. Base64 is a way of encoding binary Oct 3, 2017 · It wasn't removed, it just can't be used with str. To convert an image using Base64 encoding, append the path of the image after base64 command. SSL certificates are perfect examples, they contain a lot of information about the domain, SAN, algorithms used, the public key, serial number, issues, etc, crammed in one X. Storing binary data like images in text database fields. Dec 28, 2023 · Base32 Encoding Explained. This will produce the same result as the following in bash: echo -n 'Hello' | openssl base64. 206. The advantage lies in not having to open another connection and make a HTTP request to the server for the image. Anyone can get the original strings from the encoded one, and for this reason this authentication should be used only under HTTPS. They recognized early that many cases it might be necessary to transmit binary data in simple text format. – Convert each chunk into a 24-bit binary number. Also, Base64url is URL-safe, so the tokens could be sent in the URL. bind module which will need to be included. You can use these methods at the following levels. Base64is a binary-to-textencoding scheme. You can just store it as a text or attribute value; no escaping or CDATA sections needed. 509 parsing, changing character encodings, and much Jul 31, 2012 · We encode the string into the bytes using UTF8 representation, which can represent all the possible string characters. In this article, we will discuss about Base64 encoding and decoding and its uses to encode and decode binary and text data. One is that HTTP, unlike MIME, does not use Content-Transfer-Encoding, and does use Transfer-Encoding and Content-Encoding. Then, encode the binary file. The 64-Character Set: The name “Base64” comes from the fact that it uses a set of 64 different characters for Base64 is a cipher (without key and reversible) that converts (encode) a data (message) in 64 characters of the ASCII string . SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQo=. One of possible reasons why Base64 is used: it's a very popular encoding format and it's very easy to use it in most of programming languages. toString('base64') }; edited Jan 14 at 17:31. It is important to note that this is not the problem of Base64 — it just encodes and decodes what it got. Using this table, we can convert each group of 6 bits into a Base64 character, resulting in the following encoded data: YWJj. Therefore, if you get garbled text (mojibake) after decoding, it May 31, 2021 · “CyberChef is a simple, intuitive web app for carrying out all manner of "cyber" operations within a web browser. More specifically, the source binary data is taken 6 bits at a time, then this group of 6 bits is mapped to one of 64 unique characters. Comments: 35 | Rating: 4. – Split the 24-bit number into four 6-bit numbers. Examples¶ Encode a string using Base64: The advantages of Base64 encode, like somebody said, are available to transmit data from binary, into (most commonly) ASCII characters. And of course, since this is a reversible algorithm, you can decode Base64 into original data by simply reversing these steps. foo { requires java. answered Feb 2, 2009 at 10:52. It’s commonly used for more readable and URL-friendly representations. xml. Base64 in your source file to use its methods. Base64Encoder. May 5, 2016 · If you have OpenSSL for Windows installed you can use this to encode the string "Hello": echo | set /p="Hello" | openssl base64. e. base64 charset guaranteed we would avoid special ASCII characters. g. Base64 Encoding and Decoding. These 64 characters have a balanced mix of ASCII It looks like it's 8-bit clean - but recall that base64 uses 65 symbols. Another usage is on webhook configurations. Dec 16, 2022 · Image: Shutterstock / Built In. unsigned char Result = 0; Aug 16, 2019 · This is because secrets use base64 encoding by default. Note that in a language like Python 2. That was our intention with this video a Oct 2, 2023 · PHP uses the base64_encode and base64_decode functions to encode and decode Base64-encoded data. Sep 8, 2020 · Base64 obfuscation Base64 is a simple malware obfuscation technique. io streams). Base64 is a binary to a text encoding scheme that represents binary data in an American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) string format. example. In basic HTTP authentication, a request contains a header field in the form of Authorization: Basic <credentials>, where <credentials> is the Base64 encoding of ID Base64 encode your data without hassles or decode it into a human-readable format. First of all it's a problem of emails – for example, encoding is necessary when you need to attach an image to a textual message. Base64 encoding is a format designed to prevent communication “mishaps” during the transfer of binary information. As of 2024, modern browsers will default to UTF-8 if a user enters non-ASCII characters for username or password (even if the server does not use the charset parameter). base64 --decode /path/to/file. Press the “Encode to Base64” button. from(s, 'base64'), encode: b => Buffer. This is your string, decoded, and then hexdumped: Sep 14, 2022 · With Command Line. This was the reason why base64 was first introduced. It's not all negative though. When something is encrypted, there's a secret key that's used, and you need to know the key in Dec 28, 2018 · The common use for base 64 encoding isn’t to represent bits as numbers per se, but to have an efficient way to transmit bits in a context that requires text characters. I think I’m not mistaken if I say that the simplicity of the algorithm was one of the reasons why Dec 11, 2015 · It happens that 16-byte (128-bit) encryption keys are very commonly encoded in Base64, and since 16 mod 3 = 1, their encoding will end with ==. const base64 = {. As with encoding files, the output will be a very long string of the original file. 5 / 5. The term Base64 is coming from a certain MIME content transfer encoding. Output: SGVsbG8=. Base64 encoding is commonly used when there is a need to transmit binary data over media that do not correctly handle binary data and is designed to deal with textual Base64 is a binary-to-text encoding scheme that is commonly used to represent binary data as text characters. This set includes uppercase letters (A-Z), lowercase letters (a-z), numerical digits (0-9), and two additional delimiters: “+” and “/”. Here it is necessary to encode the data to prevent characters like '<' and '>' from being interpreted as tags. ([' instead of {["). In contrast, UTF-8 is used to encode Unicode across a channel that Mar 13, 2019 · Character Encoding Detection. – Add padding if necessary. Jan 19, 2013 · Use the Java 8 solution. Base64 relies on an encoding algorithm that describes some simple steps of converting data to Base64. May 27, 2020 · Base64 characters. – The Base64 character set is a collection of 64 characters that have been carefully chosen to efficiently represent a wide variety of binary values. Once converted, we can use the base64 module to encode it. x, where binary data and strings are mixed, you can encode strings into base64 or utf8 the same way: But in languages where there's a more well-defined separation between the two types of data, the two ways of Mar 19, 2024 · To encode data using Base64, follow these steps: – Divide the input binary data into chunks of three bytes. Python 3 provides a base64 module that allows us to easily encode and decode information. Java provides a class Base64 to deal with encryption. Javascript has a built-in function named btoa() that you can use to perform Base64 encoding. module org. You may want to output stdout directly to a file. The = character is used for padding when the input data's length is not divisible by 3. Once the data is encoded, you can click in the output textarea to copy the May 7, 2015 · base64-js; Encoding UTF-8 ⇢ base64 function b64EncodeUnicode(str) { // first we use encodeURIComponent to get percent-encoded Unicode, // then we convert the percent encodings into raw bytes which // can be fed into btoa. JWT uses Base64url, which is slightly different from Base64. The standard base 64 characters + and / (other than a-z, A-Z and 0-9) do not interfere with XML parsing at all. guru wants his students to not only use the Base64 converter and copy ready-made examples for developers, but also to understand how it works. It achieves this through the conversion of binary data and a “lookup table” — data is eventually made in a stream of ASCII characters, which can then be transmitted and decoded. Encoding May 11, 2024 · Alternatively, we can use the openssl command, which offers a wide range of functions, including the base64 subcommand for encoding and decoding strings: $ openssl base64 <<< 'Hello, World!'. But your string, decoded, is 61 bytes (488 bits) long. How is Base64 Encoding Used by Malware? A: As a short answer: The last character ( = sign) is added only as a complement (padding) in the final process of encoding a message with a special number of characters. To convert a string into Base64 encoding, at first echo the value and pipe the output into Base64 command. The very reason why Base64 encoding is used is because using Base64 it is possible to encode binary data to ASCII string format. UTF_8); The documentation for java. It converts from Base64 to its equivalent 8-bit unsigned integer array. io is a simple and easy-to-use online tool to encode any binary or text data to Base64 encoded format. Base64 takes each binary byte and converts it into a 6-bit value. Jun 8, 2023 · Base64 is a group of encoding schemes that represent binary data in an ASCII string format. If you specify an alphabet string to encode input, the same string must be used to decode input. It is important to mention here that Base64 is not an encryption or compression technique, although it can sometimes be confused with encryption due to the way it seems to obscure data. Returns¶ This returns a string that contains only the characters used for the base64 encoding. In addition, Base64 is used to encode data that may be unsupported or damaged during transfer, storage, or output. a web browser) to provide a user name and password when making a request. However, the btoa() function doesn't recognize DOMStrings which are 16-bit encoded. If you would like to obfuscate the data, then Base64 will offer you a very poor security mechanism. Mar 3, 2024 · Base64 is a simple encoding of strings. Jan 6, 2024 · Learn Base64. Ensure that value of substring_length is a whole multiple of 4 for BASE64_DECODE, resp. We first convert the string into a bytes-like object. encode() anymore because it translates bytes to bytes and is not a text encoding for that reason. One typical use case is to base64 encode the result of encryption or hashing, which both create binary results. Base64 is most commonly used to encode binary data (for example, images, or sound files) for embedding into HTML, CSS, EML, and other text documents. The following is the extract from wikipedia: "An additional pad character is allocated which may be used to force the encoded output into an integer multiple of 4 characters (or equivalently when the unencoded binary text is not a multiple of 3 bytes) ; these padding characters must then What is Base64 Encoding. codecs. Jun 20, 2023 · Base64 is most commonly used for: Embedding small images directly in code or markup. The difference between encoding and encrypting is in whether you need to know a secret in order to get back the original form. Greg Beech. A more modern example is using Base64 encoding to embed image data directly into HTML source code. Sep 27, 2010 · BASE64 encoding takes 3 Bytes of input stream and converts it to 4 * 3 Bytes. encode(b'whatever', 'base64') is closer to what was used in python2, and you don't have to remember which module to import for which codec. Here are some of the applications of the algorithm: Attach files when sending emails May 9, 2021 · Base64 encoding is used to encode all kinds of data, but a very common use case is to encode binary data (that would not be printable or only shown as a string of 'weird`' symbols) into an easier to handle form. It allows an easy way to copy and paste binary data without the headache of non-standard characters. Base32 is more complex, encoding 5 bits of data per character. Feb 9, 2013 · Base64 is an encoding and decoding technique used to convert binary data to an American Standard for Information Interchange (ASCII) text format, and vice versa. Many applications store information in this format as data files or database entries, so the presence of the base64_encode and base64_decode functions in a PHP file are often no cause for concern on their own. To decode a Base64 encoded string, use --decode or the -d flag of the Base64 utility. That is too big to be most sorts of encryption key, and too small to be an RSA key. For more information about base64 format, see base64. It's only useful for very tiny images. Browser support. Sometimes this is a positive effect, sometimes negative. Base64 is a way to encode binary data, while UTF8 and UTF16 are ways to encode Unicode text. To encode a UTF-8 string in base64, you take its binary representation and use the above table to encode it as base64. May 26, 2020 · The Base64 encoding is used to convert bytes that have binary or text data into ASCII characters. . decode: s => Buffer. Transferring binary data through text-only channels. Unicode is a character encoding standard that provides a unique number for every character in any language, making it crucial for international data transmission. Incompatible data is stored in files or elsewhere. To decode this data back to its original form, we simply reverse the process, starting with the Base64 characters and converting them back to binary. The term “Base64” comes from the fact that it uses a base Nov 13, 2020 · How Base64 Encoding Works. Base64 protects binary data against corruption in ASCII-only transfers. Base64 allows only 64 characters for encoding, hence the name. Another is that HTTP more frequently uses binary content types than MIME, so it is worth noting that, in such cases, the byte order used to compute the digest is the transmission byte order defined for the type. Nov 3, 2022 · Base64 encoding is a way to convert data (typically binary) into the ASCII character set. Chrome appears to use UTF-8 Jul 20, 2023 · Obfuscating text: Base64 can be used to encode text to make it unreadable. It does this by encoding binary data in a way that ensures safe transmission and storage across various systems and protocols that may not handle raw binary data effectively. In terms of mathematics, the base of a number system means how many different characters represent numbers. For example, to encode the previous example: $ echo Hi | base64 SGkK. Note how HTTP basic access authentication use this encoding for the username and the password. This is the reason why base64 exists. This class provides three different encoders and decoders to encrypt information at each level. Note DatatypeConverter can still be used, but it is now within the java. Here, we see the same result as earlier. Program for Encoding You can use the following piece of code to perform base64 encoding − Base64 encoding works by converting every three bytes of input data into four ASCII characters. Base64 encoding schemes are commonly used when there is a need to encode binary data, especially when that data needs to be stored and transferred over media that are designed to deal with text. Base64 encoding is a process of converting binary data to an ASCII string format by converting that binary data into a 6-bit character representation. Base64 is able to encode any types of data, and it’s great until you need to decode textual values that are in an unknown character encoding. txt. The 64 characters [a-zA-Z0-9+/] form the base of the encoding. This is to ensure that the data remains intact without modification during transport”(Wiki, 2017) Base64 Characters. base64 is an encoding because all you need to know is the algorithm to encode/decode. Versatility: Base64 encoding is capable of encoding a wide range of binary data types, including images, audio, and video. This is actually the problem that base64 encoding was invented to help solve. Dec 4, 2008 · Take for instance the simple case where you try to decode the following base 64 encoded string "BQ==", into a single BYTE i. If you for example bundle an image in In the context of an HTTP transaction, basic access authentication is a method for an HTTP user agent (e. Sep 3, 2009 · (To be fair, an even greater reduction could be achieved by avoiding Base64 entirely and instead writing our own JSON (de)serializers that use URL-encoding-friendly characters (e. Base64 encoded files are larger than the original. util. base64 --decode /path/to/file > output. For decoding, we append the -d flag: Mar 4, 2024 · Base 64 is defined as an encoding and decoding technique to convert binary data to an American Standard for Information Interchange (ASCII) text format, and vice versa. 509 certificate file. Because the Base64 alphabet is not widely used, it is more difficult to predict the encoded data. You can find more details on Base64 also on Wikipedia. sh/fullstackTimestamps0:00 Video Starts0:44 How Base64 Encoding Works?3:47 Base64 Encoding Table5:44 Base64. It represents binary data in a printable ASCIIstring format by translating it into a radix-64 representation. Download or copy the result from the “Base64” field. Requesting fewer resources is positive, but only if the resources have the same caching status. Base64 for encoding and decoding base64. This is it. js you can use the following to encode string, Buffer, or Uint8Array to string, and decode from string, Buffer, or Uint8Array to Buffer. The purpose of Base64 is to allow binary data to be transferred over a communication channel that cannot be relied on to transfer all possible byte values end-to-end. Security: Base64 encoding can be used to prevent unwanted individuals from reading binary data. Webhook definitions have a caBundle field, which requires a PEM certificate. Example: Code DCODE which is written 01100100 01000011 01101111 01100100 01100101 in binary ( ASCII code) Base64 encryption begins by splitting the message into groups of 6 bits, supplemented with 0 if necessary. If necessary, select the Base64 standard used to encode the data. Base64 includes several more methods for configuring encoders and decoders, and for using different classes as inputs and outputs (byte arrays, strings, ByteBuffers, java. This benefit is lost very quickly so there's only an advantage for large numbers of very tiny individual images. If your situation can handle native binary data, that will most likely yield What is Base64? Base64 is a binary-to-text encoding system that uses an ASCII string to represent binary data. Rix. If you use an out-of-band character, you can't be 8-bit clean anymore. Base64 encoding and decoding are not incorporated into the C programming language. Aug 10, 2022 · Encode and decode Base64 at the command line. [ Keep your favorite Git commands, aliases, and Base64 Encoding and Decoding in C. This isn't just a theoretical concern, either: there have been multiple cases of code for checking digital signatures using strcmp Mar 14, 2011 · Base32 encoding (and Base64) encoding is motivated by situations where you need to encode unrestricted binary within a storage or transport system that allow only data of a certain form such as plain text. getDecoder(). Transferring files via IRC/instant messaging: Base64 can encode binary files for transmission via text-based chat protocols. There are around 100 possible characters on a keyboard, and 64 is the largest power of 2 less than 100 [1], and so base 64 is the most dense encoding using common characters Aug 30, 2023 · Base64 encoding is a powerful tool that facilitates the safe transmission and representation of binary data in text-based environments. Example: Binary data being sent over email, or viewing special characters on a web page. Since you have opened this page, you may have decided to learn about Base64, and I hope that here you will find answers to all your Jan 19, 2013 · The base64 encoded data is about 33% larger than the raw data. Base64 groups binary digits in groups of 6 bits, and has each bit represent an ASCII character. It’s designed to carry data stored in binary format across the channels, and it takes any form of data and transforms it into a long string of plain text. Since PEM certificates are base64 encoded DER certificates, it is also common to see b64enc ⚛️ Learn Full Stack Development on codedamn: https://cdm. Type the text, paste the URL, or select a file from your computer. Wikipedia says. To encode DOMStrings, you need to convert the UTF-16 DOMStrings to UTF-8 array of characters. from(b). Base64 encoding schemes are commonly used when there is a need to encode binary data that needs be stored and transferred over media that are designed to deal with textual data. Another effect is that you are bundling several pieces of data together into larger chunks. You need to import java. One such library is OpenSSL, which offers complete support for cryptography and data encoding activities, including Base64 operations. We are going to use the output from ToBase64String() conversion for “world!”, the base64String variable: // before: d29ybGQh. Sep 1, 2020 · To decode a file with contents that are base64 encoded, you simply provide the path of the file with the --decode flag. We then serialize that data and on the other end we deserialize that data and we reconstruct the same string that we originally had (string object doesn't hold the information about encoding used anyway). These strings must also be divisible by 4 to be well-formed. These operations include simple encoding like XOR or Base64, more complex encryption like AES, DES and Blowfish, creating binary and hexdumps, compression and decompression of data, calculating hashes and checksums, IPv6 and X. answered Nov 9, 2018 at 7:15. Geocoding and GIS: In geospatial applications, like Geohash, Base64 is used to represent geographical coordinates in a compact and human-readable manner. The Base64 method of encoding is used when binary data, such as images or video, is transmitted Jul 31, 2012 · 71. Types of URI characters. Oct 11, 2019 · As base64 can be decoded easily, my question is why to use them. In computer programming, Base64 is a group of binary-to-text encoding schemes that transforms binary data into a sequence of printable characters, limited to a set of 64 unique characters. Base64 encoding is widely used in various applications, including email attachments, image processing, and web development. Algorithms Used: ASCII, Unicode, URL Encoding, Base64. If necessary, select the desired output format. Also, mail and file systems can now cope with 4 byte words containing millions of characters. The process involves converting In this article, you'll learn how to encode a string to Base64 encoded format. This is to ensure that the data remains intact without modification during transport. Base64 encoding is used when any binary data needs to be transmitted over a media that is designed to handle only textual data. It uses a 64 character set made up of upper and lowercase letters, digits, and two extra characters “+” and “/”. Examples include passing data through URLs, XML, or JSON data, all of which are plain text sort of formats that don't otherwise permit or Character Encoding: Base64 is designed to represent binary data, which computers understand, in a format that is readable by both machines and humans. In a new file encoding_text. It is used to transfer data over a medium that only supports ASCII formats, such as email messages on Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) and Extensible Markup Language (XML) Aug 30, 2011 · It contains additional details, such as the exact encoding procedure, and the list of Unicode codepoints that should be supported. Feb 2, 2009 · 74. encode(input, output) − It encodes the input value parameter specified and stores the decoded output as an object. Instead of trying to copy and paste the non-ASCII characters, save the output as a binary file, then examine it. Base 64 encoding requires binary input/data (for text, binary values depend on the encoding used, often ASCII or Unicode ). Like any teacher, base64. You can have a look at a secret in ChartMuseum's stable helm chart to verify. Four 6-bit values together represent three bytes of data. – Map each 6-bit number to its corresponding Base64 character. Here's a simplified explanation of the process: The Base64 alphabet consists of 64 characters: A-Z, a-z, 0-9, + and /. bind; } Java 8. The | set /p= is to suppress the newline that echo usually outputs. Binary to Text Conversion: Base64 serves as a fundamental tool for converting binary data into a format that can be easily represented and processed as text. A base64 string of length 10 can thus represent 64^10 different messages. When To Use Base64 Encoding. Encoding prevents the data from getting corrupted when it is transferred or processed through a text-only system. Oct 14, 2008 · “Base64 encoding schemes are commonly used when there is a need to encode binary data that needs be stored and transferred over media that are designed to deal with textual data. Due to the likeliness that the receiving end can handle ASCII, it makes it a nice way to transfer binary data, via a text stream. base128 is easier to encode/decode than base64 - you just use shifts and masks. Further Resources for Mastering Base64 Encoding Jun 19, 2019 · A base64 string is pretty easy to identify: There are 64 characters in the Base64 “alphabet”, and an encoded string will contain a mixture of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and sometimes an “=” or two (never more than two) at the end. You will not have an = sign if your string has a multiple of 3 characters, because Base64 encoding takes each three bytes (a character=1 byte) and represents them as four What is Base64? Base64 is a method of encoding binary data into ASCII characters to facilitate data transfer and storage. Base64 Base64. Basically, Base64 is a collection of related encoding designs which represent the binary information in ASCII format by converting it into a base64 representation. Developers, on the other hand, can easily add this feature by utilizing external libraries. py, enter the following: import base64. You can get started by typing or pasting any string in the input textarea, the tool will convert the entered data to Base64 encoded format in real time. dc cb jt bp rb ab wh ei xw lo